Yemen war historical background. site/bm23iyy/how-to-turn-on-game-mode-on-tv.

J. North Yemen became independent after World War I, following the departure of Ottoman forces in 1918. Cole, an American naval destroyer docked off the coast of Yemen. The Sabeans control the trade line and started recording diplomatic relationships with Assyria . The UN estimates the war had killed 377,000 people as of the In Yemen: History of Yemen. The American approach to Feb 1, 2024 · History and Background of Conflict and Hunger in Yemen At the onset of the civil war, between 2014 and 2015, Yemen experienced a 13% increase in hunger . Children also perform dangerous tasks in fishing. It then became a trading centre under Yemeni, Ethiopian, and Arab control. crisis by the United Nations. The old quarter of Aden, Yemen. That's as many as there are Saudis basically, and a lot more than there are of anybody else on the Arabian Peninsula or in the GCC. Historical Background of the North-South Polarisation Tens of thousands of Yemeni take part in a rally to support the re-election of Yemen’s President Ali Abdullah Saleh in San’a, Wednesday, Sept. The Ottoman Empire captured the city in May 1, 2023 · Backgrounder. A long time passed where Yemen was isolated and the Tribes and Politics in Yemen tells the story of the Houthi conflict in Sa'dah Province, Yemen, as seen through the eyes of the local tribes. Res. An estimated 24 million people – close to 80 per cent of the population – need assistance and protection in Yemen, the UN warned on Thursday. Background: North Yemen gained independence in 1918. But it was only achieved with the end of international ideological support for communism as the Cold War ended in 1990. and European-funded Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) estimates that targeted airstrikes and drone attacks reportedly killed 8,513 civilians in Yemen from March 18, 2015 to December 31, 2021, out of more than 14,573 civilians reported killed overall. The U. The Yemeni crisis began with the 2011–2012 revolution against President Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for 33 years. Children in Yemen are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and use in armed conflict, including by Houthi insurgent forces and other armed groups. After securing their borders with Ma'een the Sabeans moved their capital to the more accessible Marib . 1972 - Border clashes between two Yemens; ceasefire brokered by Arab League. During the 1960s, in the wake of a coup against Imam Muhammad al-Badr and the formation of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR), Yemen was transformed into an arena of global conflict. boundary dispute with Saudi Arabia. 1 million people, 80% of the Ahmed Saleh. Research found no evidence of a government policy on The flag of Yemen (Arabic: علم اليمن, romanized: Alam al-Yaman) was adopted on May 22, 1990, the day that North Yemen and South Yemen were unified. counterterrorism campaign until 2009. Sabaean inscription addressed to the moon-god Almaqah, mentioning five South Arabian gods, two reigning sovereigns, and two governors, 7th century BC. This has been particularly pronounced throughout the 20th century, when modern communication technology, speed of travel… Feb 9, 2022 · By Mohammed Haddad. 716 BC. Following the May 1990 unification of the northern Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the southern People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen Apr 9, 2015 · Yet the latest military confrontation should not come as a surprise, since it occurs within the context of an eighty-year history of tensions between Riyadh and Yemen. Jan 10, 2018 · The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain. The UN estimates that 24 million people out of a population of 28. While religion is not a primary driver of conflict in Yemen, major groups involved in the fighting do differ in terms of religious identity, and this fact means that religion has taken on salience in terms of how the conflict is perceived and understood by Mar 28, 2023 · War and factionalism have reversed Yemen’s human development by more than 20 years. This book presents much new research and thinking on the historical development and contemporary political scene in the two Yemens. Jul 14, 2021 · The Old City of Sana’a has been inhabited for over 2,500 years; it boasts unique architecture – those distinctive multistory towers with delicate white-trim designs – and UNESCO world heritage status. Now, an estimated 80% of the population lives below the poverty line. . The UN reported that 24 Yemeni Civil War, devastating conflict in Yemen that began in 2014 when the capital, Sanaa, already destabilized by the Arab Spring uprising that began in 2011, was overtaken by Houthi rebel forces. Yemen’s internal divisions and a Saudi-led military intervention have spawned an intractable political, military, and humanitarian The Houthi takeover in Yemen, also known as the September 21 Revolution (by supporters), [7] or 2014–15 coup d'état (by opponents), [8] was a popular revolution against Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi led by the Houthis and their supporters that pushed the Yemeni government from power. 715 BC. [1] Today, this built heritage, and the human history it evinces, face multiple threats. N. 9 Feb 2022. Since the civil war erupted in 2015, Yemen witnessed devastating political unrest and was categorized as the worse humanitarian. And it has taken that human catastrophe for many people to become aware of the small country that hugs the Oxford University Press, 2017 - History - 466 pages. She’s been involved with Yemen for Jun 13, 2018 · For a little more than three years, Yemen has been locked in a seemingly intractable civil war that has killed nearly 10,000 people and pushed millions to the brink of starvation. destinations, were just the latest terrorist threat to come out of Yemen Apr 14, 2023 · The UN says Yemen is experiencing the world's worst humanitarian crisis. Heavy rains have recently caused damage to around 1,000 houses, starkly […] May 1, 2023 · Backgrounder. July 12, 2024, 5:15 PM ET (AP) US Navy pilots come home after months of shooting down Houthi missiles and drones. In its western highlands, along the Red Sea, lies the Hejaz, which is the cradle of Islam and the site of that religion’s holiest cities Apr 23, 2020 · warned that Yemen is ill-equipped to handle the pandemic, as, according to one report, 51% of health facilities are fully functional, and there are limited supplies of personal protective equipment and few testing sites nationwide. Read More. The situation in Yemen has been described as the worst humanitarian disaster in the world. Mar 5, 2024 · Yemen’s civil war began in 2014 when Houthi insurgents—Shiite rebels with links to Iran and a history of rising up against the Sunni government—took control of Yemen’s capital and largest Mar 5, 2024 · Yemen’s civil war began in 2014 when Houthi insurgents—Shiite rebels with links to Iran and a history of rising up against the Sunni government—took control of Yemen’s capital and largest Dec 16, 2009 · Then, on October 12, 2000, a small boat loaded with explosives plowed into the hull of the U. However, Yemen did not become a first tier front in the U. 5 million people, one in seven of the population, have been displaced. Saleh is heavily favored to win Thursday’s election. Since 2019, World Vision has been working through partner Aug 23, 2018 · Unification had been an abstract goal for North and South Yemen as early as peace negotiations following war in 1972. 3 days ago · Yemen - Secession, Unrest, Conflict: Instead, the conflict between the northern and southern political leaders worsened dramatically in the second half of 1993 and the early months of 1994. 1 Saudi Arabia-Y emen Relations In 1934, resulting the T reaty of Taif 2 , the Saudi-Y emen relations were established first time after a brief Jun 13, 2018 · For a little more than three years, Yemen has been locked in a seemingly intractable civil war that has killed nearly 10,000 people and pushed millions to the brink of starvation. The Houthis are an Islamist political and armed movement that emerged from Sa’dah in northern Yemen in the 1990s. Apr 7, 2022 · Yemen was already the Arab world’s poorest country before its civil war began in 2014. 750 Saudi Arabian riyal. May 17, 2019 · Background to a Crisis. Until the early 1960s, the country was ruled by a monarchy in the north and the British in the south. The United States Senate responded to the president by passing bipartisan resolutions condemning the assassination and voting to end United States aid to Saudi Arabia for the war in Yemen, though the measures were t. While once Feb 19, 2021 · May-November 2017 – Humanitarian agencies and watchdogs decry the Yemen crisis as one of the worst humanitarian emergencies in the world. 1 day ago · Two attacks by Yemen's Houthi rebels strike ships in the Red Sea. Despite major efforts at reconciliation, from within and Jan 31, 2021 · Foreign actors have a long history in Yemen. This was the first time since the passage of the War Powers Act in 1973 that both chambers of Congress passed a War Power Sep 6, 2018 · Due to its proximity and the two countries' historically close relations, Egypt has not only been a favored destination for many Yemenis, but is also an influential player in Yemen's politics. The Trump administration issued a statement reiterating its support for Saudi Arabia and blaming Iran for the war in Yemen. Helm and Centre For Arab-Gulf Studies, University of Exeter Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 774196599 The Yemeni crisis began with the 2011–2012 revolution against President Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for 33 years. The Houthi conflict, which erupted in 2004, is often defined through the lenses of either the Iranian-Saudi proxy war or the Sunni–Shia divide. Yemen Historical division (1962) The humanitarian situation is worsening, with 70% of the population reliant on humanitarian aid to survive and more than 80% of Yemenis living below the poverty line (2023 figures). South Yemen, formerly Aden, was a Marxist country controlling the entrance to the Red Sea. [1] Its relatively fertile land and adequate rainfall Nov 15, 2017 · Tribes and Politics in Yemen tells the story of the Houthi conflict in Sa’dah Province, Yemen, as seen through the eyes of the local tribes. It says 4. Notably, Egypt played a significant role in the course of Yemen's September 26 Revolution and the Civil War that followed (1962-1970). t. Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering. Currently, they control the Western coast of the country, including its capital city, Sana Nov 18, 2020 · Introduction. Rising to power in an unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed treaties The North Yemen civil war ( Arabic: ثورة 26 سبتمبر, romanized : Thawra 26 Sabtambar, lit. By. We focus on projects improving health, water and Nov 5, 2009 · HISTORY. military involvement in the Saudi-led coalition’s war in Yemen. Jun 20, 2019 · We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The Hanish Islands conflict [a] was a dispute between Yemen and Eritrea over the island of Greater Hanish in the Red Sea, one of the largest in the then disputed Zukur-Hanish archipelago. The two countries merged into one in 1990. Thousands of protesters in Yemen's capital city, Sana'a, in 2011. Integration. For over two-and-a-half years, the United States has supported Saudi Arabia in a war against the Houthi movement in Yemen. Asher Orkaby. 1 While this is not a unique problem in the Middle East, the ongoing water crisis has major political and economic ramifications. Jul 27, 2020 · This book presents some papers presented to a symposium on contemporary Yemen held in July 1983 by Exeter University's Centre for Arab Gulf Studies in collaboration with the Universities of Aden and San'a', and deals with history, internal and international politics, and administrative subjects. Yemen’s internal divisions and a Saudi-led military intervention have spawned an intractable political, military, and humanitarian Apr 30, 2019 · This book is the best compact presentation of the background and dynamics of the social and political explosion that turned Yemen into the worst humanitarian crisis of today’s world. T he two explosive-laden parcels, intercepted before they could reach their intended U. The events in these nations 2 days ago · 1 USD equals 3. Even before the current war, this desert nation on the edge of the Arabian peninsula, home to 28 million people, was already the poorest country in the Arab world. Yemen’s brutal civil war has raged for the better part of a decade, creating one of the largest humanitarian tragedies of modern times. S. The ICRC has been in Yemen since 1962, providing aid in collaboration with the Yemen Red Crescent Society. Houthi rebel fighters. In Saudi Arabia: Foreign relations Nov 1, 2023 · Yemen's Houthis have joined the Israel-Hamas war raging more than 1,000 miles from their seat of power in the Yemeni capital of Sanaa, declaring on Oct. Yemen is facing one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises as the war there enters its eighth year. Islam came to Yemen around 630 during Muhammad 's lifetime and the rule of the Persian governor Badhan. 1994: In a civil war, Saleh prevents southern Yemen – angered by what it sees as its lower status Historical Background. 31 they had fired drones and missiles at In 2019, Senators Bernie Sanders (VT), Mike Lee (UT), and Chris Murphy (CT), made Senate history by passing S. The country has a long history of internal division and dissatisfaction with ineffective government. The temple of Marib is finished. 5 million require aid. For more than two millennia prior to the arrival of Islam, Yemen was the home of a series of powerful and wealthy city-states and empires whose prosperity was largely based upon their control over the production of frankincense and…. '26 September Revolution') was a civil war fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between partisans of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic. View More. Yet, as experienced by locals, the Houthi conflict is Yemeni Civil War, devastating conflict in Yemen that began in 2014 when the capital, Sanaa, already destabilized by the Arab Spring uprising that began in 2011, was overtaken by Houthi rebel forces. Read more at Monash Lens. World Food Programme has been active in Yemen since 1967, but that year we provided emergency food assistance to an additional 2. Editor's Note. , 2004 prelim. The history of Yemen describes the cultures, events, and peoples of what is one of the oldest centers of civilization in the Near East. May 1, 2018 · Britain's goals in the Yemeni civil war were largely determined by its hold on the port of Aden and it saw Egypt's presence in Yemen as a potential threat. This division eventually created two Yemeni nations, North Yemen and South Yemen. Aden, Seaport city (pop. 8 Historical Background For over a decade, the Republic of Yemen Government (ROYG) has been torn apart by multiple Nov 6, 2019 · 1970 - Republican forces triumph in the North Yemen civil war. As a socialist state, South Yemen had maintained a social net for its population despite its poverty. Historical Background of Yemen. Jul 12, 2024 · Yemen - Civil War, Ancient Kingdoms, Trade: For more than two millennia prior to the arrival of Islam, Yemen was the home of a series of powerful and wealthy city-states and empires whose prosperity was largely based upon their control over the production of frankincense and myrrh, two of the most highly prized commodities of the ancient world, and their exclusive access to such non-Yemeni Yemen: A Civil War Centuries in the Making. the country to the brink of the civil war. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Tribes and Politics in Yemen tells the story of the Houthi conflict in Sa'dah Province, Yemen, as seen through the eyes of the local tribes. There are 30 million Yemenis. Nov 15, 2022 · Yemeni labor migration could be a factor to help both Yemen and the GCC states—as well as increasing the market for produce from the GCC. The most important cultural, social, and political event in Yemen’s history was the In a country enduring endemic poverty and a devastating war, Yemen is running out of water due to over exploitation of aquifers, population expansion, and climate change. War between Ma'een and the Sabeans . The war has created the worst The world’s worst humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Yemen. e. while 24. Quite apart from the continuing catastrophic conflict, the massive overdraw of existing groundwater due to unregulated drilling of tube wells since the 1970s has created a major water crisis that affects the future of the county’s estimated 28 million people. The war began with a coup d'état carried out in 1962 by revolutionary Apr 16, 2019 · Data collected by the U. sandstorms and dust storms in summer. The following maps aim to illustrate key aspects of this civil war and Yemen’s historical divisions. 5 million people affected by conflict . It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the east, the Gulf Beyond the Arab Cold War brings the Yemen Civil War, 1962-68, to the forefront of modern Middle East History. 7, the War Powers Resolution to end U. With famine threatening hundreds of thousands of lives, humanitarian aid is increasingly becoming the only lifeline for millions across the country. Prior to the war, Yemen's The deposition of Imam Muhammad al-Badr in September 1962 was the culmination of a Yemeni nationalist movement that began in the 1940s with numerous failed attempts to overthrow the traditional religious legal order. December 8, 2017 - Yemen's civil war has been raging since 2015 and has caused one of the largest humanitarian crises in the world, with an estimated 75 percent of the population in need of assistance, according to the UN. It had origins in Houthi-led protests that began Apr 11, 2023 · 1990: North and South Yemen unified to form a single state under President Ali Abdullah Saleh. It was a principal terminus of the spice road of western Arabia for about 1,000 years before the 3rd century ad. Jul 8, 2024 · Natural hazards. From the first Zaidi imam who arrived in the country in the ninth century to the regional military intervention led by Saudi Arabia in 2015, outsiders have often altered the trajectory of domestic politics in Yemen. Apr 15, 2023 · Yemen (Republic) -- History -- Congresses, Yemen, South -- History -- Congresses Publisher London : C. ” —Gilbert Achcar, author of The People Want and Morbid Symptoms “A matchless geo-political profile of the country, its history, its economic structures Background of Yemeni Civil War. Nov 1, 2010 · November 1, 2010 12:00 AM EDT. First published in 1984, this volume examines the then-two Yemens, North and South, and their strategic importance in the Middle East. 718 BC. By the 1800s, Yemen was caught in the middle of an imperial tug-of-war. The protests led to a change in leadership, which Mar 29, 2023 · Yemen, North -- History -- Congresses, Yemen, South -- History -- Congresses Publisher New York : St. There are thousands of civilians dead and wounded, an outbreak of cholera, and a potential famine that would leave thousands on the brink of starvation. By 1967, the People’s Republic of Yemen is created in the south. Centuries ago, Yemen was a thriving state under control by the Sabaeans. The flag of Yemen resembles the Arab Liberation Flag of July 23, 1952 , introduced after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 in which Arab nationalism was a dominant theme. Medieval History: In pre-Islamic times, the area that encompasses the present-day Republic of Yemen was called Arabia Felix—happy or prosperous Arabia—and was ruled by a number of indigenous dynasties in several different kingdoms. In the West the Houthi conflict, which erupted in 2004, is often defined through the lenses of either the Iranian-Saudi proxy war or the Sunni-Shia divide. Israel was happy to see 70,000 Egyptian troops heading down the Red Sea towards Yemen instead of building their numbers on the Sinai Peninsula. 719 BC. Within one year of Saudi Arabia's emergence as a unified state in 1932, the Kingdom of Yemen had already declared war against its northern neighbor over a border dispute. Prior to 1962, both the USSR and Egypt had been cultivating alliances with al-Badr in an effort to secure their strategic Jun 17, 2020 · The United Nations reported in 2019 that Yemen has more people in need of humanitarian aid than any other country. Five years of war have accentuated the futility of pure military resolutions to the fighting in Yemen. Thereafter, Yemen was ruled as part of Arab-Islamic caliphates, and became a province in the Islamic empire . Yemen’s Southern Movement, or al-harakat al-janubiyya, is an umbrella group for various southern anti-government factions that trace back to the 1994 civil war between northern and southern Yemen. It wasn’t always that way, but Yemen’s complex history can help us understand the current conflict. In 1991, the dinar was withdrawn from circulation, with 26 rial exchanged for one dinar. 22, 1999, on the last day of campaigning. Oct 19, 2015 · The unrest in Yemen is not a single conflict but is instead a mosaic of multifaceted regional, local, and international power struggles that are the legacy of recent and long-past events. 17 sailors were killed and 38 Feb 1, 2024 · For more, we’re joined by Helen Lackner, the author of several books on Yemen, including Yemen in Crisis: The Road to War and Yemen: Poverty and Conflict. Geography & Climate: Yemen is located on the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East. Yemeni Civil War, devastating conflict in Yemen that began in 2014 when the capital, Sanaa, already destabilized by the Arab Spring uprising that began in 2011, was overtaken by Houthi rebel forces. Oct 29, 2009 · World War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Fighting took place over three days from 15 December to 17 December 1995. Feb 19, 2021 · May-November 2017 – Humanitarian agencies and watchdogs decry the Yemen crisis as one of the worst humanitarian emergencies in the world. Regimes affiliated to the Egyptian Fatimid caliphs occupied much of northern and southern Yemen throughout the Dec 18, 2017 · December 18, 2017. Yemen was already a poor country, with 47% of its population living in poverty in 2014, according to the U. However, its proxy wars are likely to persist, much for the same reason they have persisted in Syria and Libya; namely, because the potential benefits to intervening states still outweigh the costs that they pay to gain control, maintain the status quo, or simply feed the chaos, argues Peter May 6, 2024 · By Mike Tyler. v. 1 day ago · Yemen has now enjoyed more than a year of relative calm amid a U. 10 min read. Development Program. Apr 22, 2024 · The origins of the rivalry between the Islamic Republic and the Jewish State traces back to the overthrow of Israel’s close ally, the authoritarian Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, by Ayatollah Rohullah Khomeini’s forces in Iran in 1979. Beginning with the 1962 uprising against the Zaydi Shi’a theocracy, or Imamate, Yemenis have yet to find a means to build institutions of state and society that can address successfully the grievances of political Feb 14, 2019 · 14 February 2019 Humanitarian Aid. July 11, 2024, 8:53 PM ET (AP) Yemen Houthi rebels fired an Iranian missile at Norwegian-flagged ship, debris analyzed by US shows. After Saleh left office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni government and opposition groups, the government led by Saleh's former vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, struggled to unite the fractious political landscape of the country and Jan 12, 2024 · The Houthi rebels are one of two main factions controlling territory amidst Yemen’s ongoing civil war. -led peace push, but a sharp escalation in regional tensions since the start of the Gaza war has increased risks of a new Yemen's recent history is one of division and bloodshed. The Houthi insurgency, [43] [44] also known as the Houthi rebellion, the Sa'dah War, or the Sa'dah conflict, was a military rebellion pitting Zaidi Shia Houthis (though the movement also includes Sunnis [45]) against the Yemeni military that began in Northern Yemen and has since escalated into a full-scale civil war. The civil war began when in September 2014, the government of Yemen was deposed by the Houthis following a battle between them and the government forces in the capital of Sana’a. volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Jebel at Tair (Jabal al-Tair, Jebel Teir, Jabal al-Tayr, Jazirat at-Tair) (244 m), which forms an island in the Red Sea, erupted in 2007 after awakening from dormancy; other historically active volcanoes include Harra of Arhab, Harras of Dhamar, Harra es-Sawad, and Jebel Zubair, although many of these Apr 30, 2019 · Yemen, located on the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world. After Saleh left office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni government and opposition groups, the government led by Saleh's former vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, struggled to unite the fractious political landscape of the country and Oct 5, 2023 · The civil war in Yemen, ongoing since 2014, resulted in one of the worst humanitarian disasters of our times, with widescale famine accompanying the direct toll of war. North Yemen contained rival tribal factions and was a buffer country between the Marxists of South Yemen and Saudi Arabia, a traditional Islamic and pro-Western country The world’s worst humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Yemen. The Ottoman Empire claimed northern Yemen and the British took over Aden, a city in the south. Then a Saudi-led coalition joined the fight against the Iran-backed Houthi militia, spreading the ruin. Yemen’s history since the 1960s that has not witnessed violent conflict, coups, or civil insurrection. Extending across most of the northern and central Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia is a young country that is heir to a rich history. In 2015, this time as a pawn in the proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran, Yemen again was engulfed in civil war, which continues to this day. : 580,000), southern Yemen, on the Gulf of Aden. The war in Yemen was sparked in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings of 2011, as the wave of anti-government protests that hit the Middle East region spread to Yemen. The Islamic History of Yemen has witnessed the interest of historians when coming to speak about the Arab-Islamic history in general and allocated for the history of Yemen before the advent of Islam chapters full with great events and linked them to the Himyarites. The North Yemeni rial and the South Yemeni dinar remained legal tender during a transitional period. Mar 24, 2022 · The United States has been involved in an armed conflict with al-Qaeda and affiliated groups in Yemen arguably since the October 2000 bombing of the USS Cole off the coast of Yemen, at the time one of al-Qaeda’s most significant attacks. For the second time in little more than a year, Vice President al-Bayḍ left Sanaa and retired to Aden, taking many of his YSP colleagues with him. Jan 29, 2020 · Historical Background of the Saudi-Yemen Relati ons 1. Dec 12, 2016 · North Yemen contained rival tribal factions and was a buffer country between the Marxists of South Yemen and Saudi Arabia, a traditional Islamic and pro-Western country. 1978 - Ali Abdallah Saleh becomes president of North . Form Of Government: monarchy 1. Martin's Press Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 957135455 History of Yemen. hz nu uy po qr vp wj kv ji dq